A Modern Heroine :: essays papers

A Modern Heroine In todays society, women have overcome more hardships to become able to vote, able to run for public office, and even able to hold high business positions. Some people believe that such(prenominal) accomplishments ar because of literary examples that have, over the years, lead women to believe in themselves, motivate them-selves, and stand up for themselves. In Aeschylus infamous Greek tragedy, The Oresteia, Clytaemestra, the leading woman, overcomes the Greek societys slighting attitude towards women, grasping the most powerful position attain-able in Argos. Even after gaining power, Clytaemestra clutches this leadership desperately, unrelenting in her hopes to keep it forever. Although Clytaemestra uses intellect, interior strength, and self-motivation to capture power, she does it evasively and by hurting others. Therefore, Clytaemestra is not a respectable woman role model.In Agamemnon, the first concur of The Oresteia, Agamemnon, Clytaemestras husb and and the tabby of Argos, returns from ten years of fighting the Trojan War to find treachery reigns in Argos. Clytaemestra greets Agamemnon with a facade of exuberant tidings, claiming a love she has for her husband, trance secretly she plans his murder (Oresteia 1.857). As the queen, she has a beautiful and expensive crimson carpet brought out to welcome her soon dead husband. Rolling out the carpet, she asks Agamemnon shade from your chariot and let not your foot/...touch the earth (Oresteia 1.906-907). The wise warrior, knowing it would be wrong for a mere mortal to walk on such a Murray 2 priceless tapestry, argues with his vengeful wife, but is eventually convinced to walk where Justice leads him (Oresteia 1.911). As he walks on the carpet, ruining it, he asks that no gods hatred strike him from afar for acting higher than mortals should (Oresteia 1.947). His hope is in vain, because shortly after entering the house, Clytaemestra catches of the war hero at his weakest mom entin the bath. Taking advantage of a heroic figure, who is loved by all, is both cowardly and unfair, but Clytaemestra only worries with her pursuit of power. Soon after the murder, Clytaemestra appears again, proudly demonstrate the slain big businessman of Argos. All of these actions grant Clytaemestra the power she yearns, but argon done in a very unrespectful and deceitful way.In the next confine of The Oresteia, The Libation Bearers, Clytaemestra again tries to hold her power and, this time, to escape death.A Modern Heroine essays papersA Modern Heroine In todays society, women have overcome many an(prenominal) hardships to become able to vote, able to run for public office, and even able to hold high business positions. Some people believe that such accomplishments are because of literary examples that have, over the years, lead women to believe in themselves, motivate them-selves, and stand up for themselves. In Aeschylus infamous Greek tragedy, The Oresteia, Clytaemestra, the leading woman, overcomes the Greek societys slighting attitude towards women, grasping the most powerful position attain-able in Argos. Even after gaining power, Clytaemestra clutches this leadership desperately, unrelenting in her hopes to keep it forever. Although Clytaemestra uses intellect, inward strength, and self-motivation to capture power, she does it evasively and by hurting others. Therefore, Clytaemestra is not a respectable woman role model.In Agamemnon, the first book of The Oresteia, Agamemnon, Clytaemestras husband and the King of Argos, returns from ten years of fighting the Trojan War to find treachery reigns in Argos. Clytaemestra greets Agamemnon with a facade of exuberant tidings, claiming a love she has for her husband, period secretly she plans his murder (Oresteia 1.857). As the queen, she has a beautiful and expensive crimson carpet brought out to welcome her soon dead husband. Rolling out the carpet, she asks Agamemnon stones throw fr om your chariot and let not your foot/...touch the earth (Oresteia 1.906-907). The wise warrior, knowing it would be wrong for a mere mortal to walk on such a Murray 2 priceless tapestry, argues with his vengeful wife, but is eventually convinced to walk where Justice leads him (Oresteia 1.911). As he walks on the carpet, ruining it, he asks that no gods hatred strike him from afar for acting higher than mortals should (Oresteia 1.947). His hope is in vain, because shortly after entering the house, Clytaemestra catches of the war hero at his weakest momentin the bath. Taking advantage of a heroic figure, who is loved by all, is both cowardly and unfair, but Clytaemestra only worries with her pursuit of power. Soon after the murder, Clytaemestra appears again, proudly covering the slain King of Argos. All of these actions grant Clytaemestra the power she yearns, but are done in a very unrespectful and deceitful way.In the next book of The Oresteia, The Libation Bearers, Clytaemestr a again tries to hold her power and, this time, to escape death.

Sir Thomas More Essay example -- essays research papers

Thomas MoreIn life, belief can be a very powerful thing, powerful enough to affect major choices. accept is having faith in an idea, person, thing or religion. In Robert Bolts A Man for All Seasons, Sir Thomas More made many important choices the were affected by a belief in the religious theory that the Pope is the "Vicar of God" (the descendant of St. Peter, and our only link to Christ.) Throughout Mores entire life he chose to be loyal this belief, even thought it cost him his life in 1535. More chose to go against the Kings divorce of Catherine, and marry of Anne. He chose to non sign to oath for the bite of Succession, and towards the end of the play More was put to the ultimate test in faith, choose to go against his belief or be executed.Sir Thomas More chose ever to be against the King divorce to Catherine of Aragon. He shows this when Cardinal Woolsey summons him to attend a matter concerning the "Kings business". In their meeting the topic of the Kings re-marriage is what the Cardinal precious to talk to More about, When Woolsey says "...that thing out there is at least fertile, Thomas". More shows that he is against the divorce by saying "But shes not his wife". More again shows his beliefs that a dispensation was given so that Henry could marry Catherine and Thomas knows that the Pope will not give a dispensation on a dispensation. More believes that the Pope should make the decision about the divorce. And More ...

The Teaching Profession Essay -- careers jobs education educator teach

The Teaching ProfessionBecoming an educator, especially in recent years has been considered one of the most demanding yet rewarding professions in the work chock up today. Teaching, with its benefits and intellectual motives has risen to become one of the most sought after jobs in society. But even after taking such rewards into consideration, one cleverness want to analyze how time consuming and emotionally draining learn young people may turn out to be. Along with its rewards and demands, teaching is non only a potentially prestigious profession but also a very unique and sometimes life long career chance. Exploring teaching has become a popular tactic in recent years for people to make a better decision on whether or not teaching is a career for them.Individuals, especially in todays society, tend to choose their professions based on a variety of different reasons. For many, the opportunity to do something they enjoy in life attracts them to that particular area of work. For many people, young and old, having the skills to teach an individual and being able to properly use these skills has turn up to lead to some of the most exhilarating experiences anyone could ever have on any given day. Although some people choose teaching as a career because they want to follow in the footsteps of former admired teachers or family members, the main reason usually is to be able to work with young people. interaction with children on a day to day basis in or out of the classroom not only helps them, but also gives the teacher that unavoidable sense of accomplishment. It feels good knowing you were able to help and guide someone through not only schoolwork but also life, as is unbent with young people. Being needed by young people gives teach... ... a career, one can then make the important decision of whether teaching is authentically for them or not. If being able to communicate with young people and knowing that you are needed on a day to day basis is enjoyab le for an individual, then teaching may be something to get involved in. As far as a challenging career is concerned, teaching requires patience, flexibility and knowledge. If counseling above average salaries and a non-complex profession are what someone is seeking, teaching may not be a career to get too solemn about. More or less, teaching is quite the prestigious job and is looked highly upon by many which has over the years, put a very high treasure on teaching and education. With all of the many good and poor aspects of teaching available to people, now they are able to make a solid image on whether or not they are capable or willing to get into such a career.

Candide- A Contrast To Optimism :: essays research papers

Candide- A Contrast to OptimismFrancis Marie Arouet de Voltaire was the French author of the novella Candide, also known as Optimism(Durant and Durant 724). many another(prenominal) of Voltaires works were popular in Europe during his time, yet it is his satire, Candide, which is still studied today. In Candide, Voltaire sought to point out the fallacy of Gottfried William von Leibnizs school of thought by criticizing human racely superiority, the theory of optimism, and the brutality of war.Leibniz theorized that God, having the ability to pick from an infinite number of worlds, chose this world, the outmatch of all possible worlds(18). To dispute that contention, Voltaire created Martin. Martin was the quintessential pessimist, and Candides certain(p) friend and advisor. Martin continuously tried to prove to Candide that in that respect is little virtue, morality and happiness in the world. When a cheerful couple was seen walking and singing, Candide told Martin, At least you must admit that these people are happy(94). Martin quickly replied, I wager they are not(94). The only basis Martin had for his judgment was the sight of ii outwardly content people, yet somehow he was compelled to characterize them as unhappy. Martins pessimistic outlook on life is the antithesis of Leibnizs theory that this world is the best. The evil that Martin perceived blinded him from the good that existed in the world. The land of Eldorado was the realization of Leibnizs theory that this world is the best. In reference to Eldorado, Candide stated that theres no comparison between this country and the castle where I was born(70). The fact that Eldorado was the perfect city revealed the flawed world in which Candide lived. Martins ability to focus on the evils in the world and the contrast between reality and Eldorado reflect Voltaires criticism of Leibnizs judgement that this world is the best possible. To emphasize his criticism of optimism in the novel, Voltaire created Dr. Pangloss, an unconditional follower of Leibnizs philosophy. Pangloss believed that everything had its purpose and things happened for the best. Even the horrendous Lisbon earthquake and fire were for the best according to Pangloss. He stated that although the disastrous earthquake took over 30,000 lives, all this is for the very best. . . For it is impossible that things should not be where they are(30). According to Pangloss philosophy, there was a purpose behind the earthquake. He believed that there was a rational explanation for the earthquake, even though he was unable to provide substantial evidence to take over his claim.

Free Essay - Nora in Act 1 in Ibsens A Dolls House :: Dolls House essays

The Character of Nora in Act 1 of A Dolls House The character of Nora, of Isbens A Dolls House, is particularly difficult to interpret. Her character is constructed by the combination of a number of varying traits. Throughout Act 1 her ambiguity is particularly prominent. Her frivolous, playful moments ar readily followed by moments of practicality and astuteness. It is not surprising that Nora is such a changeable character for she is constantly interchanging between three main roles a supporting wife, rudimentary mother and sexual being. Ibsen uses the metaphor of a doll inside a doll house to portray Noras attempt to become an individual while limit inside a male dominated world. Her wish to become self motivated is obstructed by Torvalds power over her. Noras home is the realization of national bliss, preserved and presented like A Dolls House. Lacking experience of life in the real world and oblivious to the outdoor hardships, Nora is vulnerable. She enters muffled in protec tion from the outside, portray symbolically through her coat, scarf etc. Immediately, Nora appears childlike and coquettish. She orders Helene in an excitable tone to hide the Christmas tree as the children mustnt see it till tonight. Noras secretiveness in wanting to hide the tree, extends further, and is a constant theme. Following Torvalds light- hearted interrogation with regard to whether she has had any macaroons, she becomes nervous and lies, No Torvald, I promise...No No...Torvald I swear. Of course, this is particularly important as the entire play rotates around Noras big secret. With the entrance of Krogstad, Noras sense of fun abandons her. Her attempt to enforce her social superiority over him is genuinely intimidated. In her enterprising attempt to be superior she states one isnt without influence. However, within moments she is forced into pleading Mr. Krogstad, I dont have any influence. Noras stereotyped roll as a doll confined to a dolls house constantly being fa thered by Torvald encourages her childlike manner. However an entirely different contradicting side to Noras character is revealed when Nora explains exactly what she did for Helmer. Although Nora is a woman who shirks or is probably unaware of her responsibilities (particularly with regard to her children who are under permanent care of Ann- Marie) here she has, apparently, fulfilled something of her duty as a wife. Her ain attitude to her action, which in her mind saved Torvalds life is very childlike.

In Favor of Emancipation for Children :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

In Favor of Emancipation for Children Imagine that youre a young teen living with you mother. She left your father, an abusive and violent man, when you were 10. Your mother is killed in a car accident 5 years later. Because your mother did not prepare a will, the state requires you to live with your father. The only thing you could do to save your own life is to terminate your fathers rights by becoming emancipated. Many people have hear or read about the situations of child celebrities such as Jenna Malone, Drew Barrymore, Christina Ricci, Michelle Williams and Macauley Culkin or child athletes like Dominique Moceanu, but few have heard of a more compelling situation as that of Aaron Kipnis. This young man was brutally beaten by his stepfather at the age of eleven. Instead of punishing his stepfather, the state of atomic number 20 made the eleven year old a ward of the state. Being a ward, in the states juvenile system, was a horrific experience. For the next five years, Kipnis b egan a cycle of running away, getting caught, and living in temporary housing. It was not until he was sixteen that a parole officer recommended he pursue legitimate emancipation. His freedom was finally granted at seventeen (Rupp 1&2). Emancipation is a court process that gives a teen legal independence from his or her parents of guardians and is granted adult civil rights except those prescribed by the law (Emancipation). Emancipated minors will not be automatically empower to do certain things such as vote or legally drink alcoholic beverage. Though child abuse is one of the main reasons wherefore children want to be emancipated, there are other reasons for children to want adult responsibilities. One of those reasons is children actors are required to work extremely long hours. Directors and producers are control by child labor laws. The children actors want to work their high salaries jobs. In order to continue their work load and keep their high income, it is to their ben efit to stupefy emancipated. In other cases, there may not be abuse or high income that is a concern, it simply might be that the parent or guardian and the child can not handle being around each other. So instead of continuing constant battles, the child and parents agree that it would be the best for everyone to seek emancipation. Usually the toughest requirement to meet is financial independence.

Merit Philosophy Essay

In the present society we value struggle and hard work that we owe. The newspaper publisher sexual morality Why do we value it? the author, Louis Pojman, claims that in life we always get whatever we earn in life, what you deserve is what you get. But others have come with the reappearance argument that we cannot take advantage from our success because of our social standing or our intelligence. I agree to Pojmans observation of things that Good deeds must be followed by good give awaycomes and bad deeds by bad outcomes (pg. 96).And also Each act in the world has an appropriate response. In this show I pass on give details on the situations where this fits and also discuss the events in which masses feel hard done by when others argon world rewarded in situations where they should not. Merit is a quality which determines the distri only whenion of rewards, praises and prizes on the introduction of good or quality work done. Merits should be served as the prime basis of hand ing out rewards and punishments. Any person who trains or works in truth hard deserves a better position.For example, at the office one intern works really hard and shapes his qualities better then any other interns, deserves to get the job over the bosss son, who spends less hours at the office and trains less, thinking that he has the job in the bag simply because he is the bosss son. Pojman has stated in his study that I have trained harder then anyone else so I deserve to win the race. I deserve reward or praise for my kind act as it came after an ethically good will thinking (pg. 87).The author explains in his paper that praising good deeds will encourage a person to do good deeds in the future. Alternatively punishments are handed out to revise the bad actions. With this we can also form a system in which we can search out the best possible order of people who can perform the task expeditiously. For example, I want the best engineers to build the particular bridge or I want t he best performing employee to perform a task for me. Being at the top of performing a task gives a person a deserving praise and reward according to the level.Some disagree to this and say that the person does not deserve to be rewarded for a job that has been done efficiently based on the lottery system. The lottery objection system says that One does not deserve his natural talents, his determination and his society in which he his life history (pg. 99). It means that anyone having ability, like for example to run fast or to sing well, does not deserve it. So likewise they should not be awarded to sign contracts with diametric music companies or should not be awarded with prize money for winning a race on his talent.The natural lottery objection is flawed in my opinion. People prefer to listen to the people who can sing well. The persons who cannot sing are being left out or not listened to fairly. The society chooses the persons for their roll of involvement. This goes for th e persons having their natural ability to construct things smoothly with the most ideal results. Society places a superior worth on the best of the best. It is natural to select the things this way. all individual first learn and then develops his talents to serve the world.But there are also people who lack the determination to generate good things. These people do not deserve merit for their non serious work attitude. An individual who train hard and have a good attitude deserves the best offered in life. Individuals who do well to others are also deserved to be treated well in return. Nothing like Mantle, whose name was on top of the organ transplant list just because he was a baseball player. He was admitted to the hospital because he had damaged his liver. He confessed that he has damaged his liver by the everlasting use of alcohol and drugs.Because of his reputation he knocked off other who were in line and were suffering from liver damage by no fault on their own. Mickey M antle did not deserve to get his new liver. As we are all human beings, when someone strips away someones talents they are believed to be equal. But in the case of Mickey Mantle it was not there and it spread injustice. He only deserved to get the liver but it was injustice to be placed top on the list. This specific occurrence is horrendous. It was an injustice to the humanity.I have stated in favor of Pojmans paper that high-quality work deserves merit and an equal reward or praise to the good work produced. Individuals get in life whatever they have put on it. It is very unfair to say that people with natural talents and abilities do not deserve good simply because they are born with it. One has to learn what he is good at and use his ability to do well. ? Reference Pojman, L. (1999). Merit Why Do We Value It? Electronic version. Journal of Social Philosophy, 30(1), 83-102.

Loretta Lynn Essay

Loretta Lynn (born Loretta Webb April 14, 1935) is an American earth symphony singer-songwriter, author and philanthropist. Born in Butcher Hollow, Kentucky to a blacken miner father, Lynn married at 13 years old, was a mother soon after, and moved to Washington with her husband, Oliver Vanetta Lynn, Jr. (b. 1926, d. 1996), nicknamed Doo. Their marriage was sometimes tumultuous he had affairs and she was headstrong. Their experiences together became inspiration for her music. On her 21st birthday, Lynns husband bought her a $17. 00 Harmony guitar.She taught herself to play and when she was 24, on her wedding anniversary, Doo encouraged her to become a singer. She learned the guitar better, started singing at the Delta Grange Hall in Washington State with the Pen Brothers band, The Westerners, then eventually cut her first record in February, 1960. She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville in the 1960s, and in 1967 charted her first of 16 number-one hits (out of 70 charted songs as a solo mechanic and a duet partner1) that include Dont Come Home A Drinkin (With Lovin on Your Mind), You Aint Woman Enough, Fist metropolis, and Coal Miners Daughter.She focused on blue collar womens issues with themes of philandering husbands and persistent mistresses, and pushed boundaries in the conservative genre of country music by singing about birth control (The Pill), repeated childbirth (Ones on the Way), double standards for men and women (Rated X), and being widowed by the draft during the Vietnam War (Dear Uncle Sam). Country music radio stations often refused to play her songs.Nonetheless, she became known as The First Lady of Country Music and continues to be one of the most successful vocalists of all time. Her best-selling 1976 autobiography was made into an Academy Award triumphant film, Coal Miners Daughter, starring Sissy Spacek and Tommy Lee Jones in 1980. Her most recent album, Van Lear Rose, was released in 2004, produced by Jack White, and topped the country album charts. As of 2011, Lynn continues to tour and has received numerous awards in country and American music.

Internet as a Threat to Old Media

Broad spiting earnings as a threat to old media Introduction Just a few clicks on the mouse and a whole world of data are available for free. The internet, whilst whoppingly contributing to declining publisher, magazines and books sales, decreasing the percentage of publicise on TV and communicate, change magnitude of internet piracy and illegal downloading of films and medicinal drug. Internet go off at least provide a huge resource for journalist, authors, musicians, photographers, producers, editors, directors and all information growers.On the other mountain, audiences and users of media chiefly s coin bank believe on old media as they gain their information and follow latest upstarts (which affect public opinion) from old media because they trust it and curse on its credibility when they compare it with internet . they thought that internet is the world of rumors. http//technorati. com/ technology/it/article/do-you-see-the-internet-as/ixzz16VrHKY7B Background Boo ks writing with words was invented by the Sumerians (southern Iraq) active louver thousand years ago (c. 3100 BC). As far as we know it derived from symbols apply for the keeping of accounts around four hundred years earlier.At freshman, writing was confine to inscriptions, e. g. on stone, seals, brooches, and containers. The Sumerians then developed baked clay tablets, which can be regarded as the early books. These were soon followed by the papyrus rolls of the Egyptians, made from a fix native only to the Nile Valley. The tralatitious modern form of the book is called the codex. Meanwhile paper was invented in China as early as 105 AD, and was at stolon alert from bark and hemp. This paper developed to a high standard, and paper-making later spread to Japan (c. 10 AD), and then to the Arab world along the Silk Road, via Samarkand in Central Asia. The Arabs introduced paper into Europe via Spain. Printing Printing was another Chinese invention. However much(prenominal) cast type did appear in Korea before developing quite independently in Europe. A major advance in the West was Johannes Gutenbergs put outing from cast metal type (c. 1450 AD). However this was still hand composed on a mostly wooden press. This still relied on human power to operate. A steam-powered press invented by the German Friedrich Koenig followed in 1810.An American, Richard Hoe, invented the faster rotary press in 1846. Printing raced further ahead when the automatonlike composition of type was perfected in 1886 with the Linotype compositor. Lithography was long used to print pictures for books. From this method came the idea for offset printing in 1904 the first offset press appeared. In offset printing the method of relief printing from cast metal type, traditional since Gutenberg, is replaced by a smooth photographic plate. By 1980 offset printing was taking over from the older method in galore(postnominal) countries. That was only the beginning of the modern printi ng revolution.From 1968 computers became involved in printing (the Linotron). In 1983 the offset plate progressed to a format involving the laser-beam transference of stored digital information. gradually printing worldwide became a digital and computerized process, and mechanical printing began to disappear. The Digital Revolution This change led to the irony that a series of advanced digital electronic processes now produced the traditional analogue material book. It was only a matter of time before the logical conclusion would be drawn that books could pull through in a purely electronic form.Moreover such books could incorporate new possibilities undreamed of in the printed codex book. For example, they could be instantly updated, be searchable electronically, include sounds mental picture and even a dictionary, and interact directly with the new Internet, and therefore contain instant links to further information. The advent of digital book files also meant that traditiona l physical books could now be printed individually as required from a stored computer file (Print on Demand, or POD), sooner than in the traditional large print runs.This meant both that books could be cheaper in general, and that it was financially practicable to print them in limited numbers for a more restricted readership than before. So rather than immediately displacing the printed codex, the advent of the digital book meant that the physical book could now flourish as never before. At the same time this change prepared the ground for a decisive future shift towards electronic reading. Dawn of the e-Book The electronic book (e-book), existing as a virtual entity stored in a digital file, began to emerge in its own right in the last years of the twentieth century.Like many new technologies it suffered from technical teething troubles, ineffective or inappropriate marketing, commercial rivalries that slowed its progress, and initial public scepticism or indifference. Gradually h owever the electronic book became capable of being read from an increasing diverseness of devices, and its vast potential began to be more widely understood. It became clear that the e-book would represent the next leap forward in the onward march of the book. While it can simply represent traditional texts it can also become a layered and interactive multimedia experience.Indeed the book of the future could even be ad libitum assembled from multiple sources for specific educational or entertainment purposes, by a single reader or group. The e-book therefore holds the promise of adding an unprecedented degree of flexibility to the concept of the book. The book is one of humanitys most enduring cultural artifacts and treasures. As it evolves, the greatest threat to its future is therefore not from technical advances but from the insecurity of new generations losing the inclination to read.The ability to read and write is our greatest tool in education, and, apart from the family, the single most important medium existing for the contagion of ideas and the continuance of an evolving human culture. http//www. e-book. com. au/bookhistory. htm Newspapers Were it left to me to decide whether we should switch a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a bite to prefer the latter. -Thomas Jefferson, 1787. The history of newspapers is an often-dramatic chapter of the human experience going back some five centuries.In Renaissance Europe handwritten newssheets circulated privately among merchants, passing along information about everything from wars and economic conditions to social customs and human interest features. The first printed forerunners of the newspaper appeared in Germany in the late 1400s in the form of news pamphlets or broadsides, often highly sensationalized in content. In the English-speaking world, the earliest predecessors of the newspaper were corantos, small news pamphlets produced only when som e event worthy of notice occurred.The first successively published title was The Weekly Newes of 1622. The first true newspaper in English was the London Gazette of 1666. Fo In America the first newspaper appeared in Boston in 1690, entitled Publick Occurrences. Published without authority, it was immediately suppressed, its publisher arrested, and all copies were destroyed. The first successful newspaper was the Boston News-Letter, begun by postmaster toilet Campbell in 1704. Although it was heavily subsidized by the colonial government the experiment was a near-failure, with very limited circulation.Two more papers made their appearance in the 1720s, in Philadelphia and New York, and the Fourth Estate slowly became established on the new continent. In 1783 there were forty-three newspapers in print. The press played a vital role in the affairs of the new nation, representing all shades of political opinion. The ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791 at last guaranteed of free dom of the press, and Americas newspapers began to generate on a central role in national affairs. Growth continued in every state.In the Jacksonian populist 1830s, advances in printing and papermaking technology led to an explosion of newspaper growth, the emergence of the Penny Press it was now possible to produce a newspaper that could be sold for just a cent a copy. Previously, newspapers were the province of the wealthy, literate minority. This sudden availability of cheap, interesting reading material was a significant stimulus to the achievement of the nearly ordinary literacy now taken for granted in America. In the 1850s powerful, giant presses appeared, able to print ten thousand complete papers per hour.At this time the first natural weekly newspapers emerged they featured for the first time extensive illustrations of events in the news, as woodcut engravings made from correspondents sketches or taken from that new invention, the photograph. Reporters, called specials, became the darlings of the public and the idols of youngsters everywhere. Many accounts of battles rancid in by these intrepid adventurers stand today as the definitive histories of their subjects. Newspaper growth continued unabated in the postwar years. By the 1890s the first circulation figures of a million copies per issue were recorded.At this period appeared the features of the modern newspaper, bold banner headlines, extensive use of illustrations, funny pages, plus expanded coverage of organized sporting events. The rise of yellow journalism also marks this era. This is also the age of media consolidation, as many independent newspapers were swallowed up into powerful chains with regrettable consequences for a once fearless and incorruptible press, many were reduced to vehicles for the distribution of the particular views of their owners, and so remained, without competing papers to challenge their viewpoints.By the 1910s, all the essential features of the recognizably mo dern newspaper had emerged. wireless and television have gradually supplanted newspapers as the nations primary information sources, so it may be difficult initially to appreciate the role newspapers. non complete http//www. historicpages. com/nprhist. htm, Phil Barber, 03/08/2010 Magazines The term magazine is generally acknowledged to have come into usage with the publication in the 1730s of the Gentlemans Magazine by Edward Cave. Its manoeuvre was to entertain with stories of crime and romance.It soon proved popular, not just for sale but for rental in public houses, coffee houses and barber shops. Magazines were more low-cost than newspapers because printing technology allowed mass production. Taking their cue from America, British publishers produced all-fiction magazines such as Romantic Confessions and similar penny dreadfuls. General interest magazines such as Answers, Titbits (Tit Bits from all the Most Interesting Books, Periodicals and Contributors in the World), Home Chat, Comic Cuts and Pearsons Weekly were also hugely popular. The early 20th century saw new styles of magazine such as Readers Digest hich included edited versions (digests) of articles and stories. International editions followed the same formula, later developing subscription as a path of ensuring a place in the competitive magazine market. Life magazine which traded on the look of its pictures in a period when photography was accepted as an art form and photojournalism was regarded as a means of social commentary. Life used the slogan To see life, to see the world to witness great events to espouse the faces of the poor and the gestures of the proud to see strange things.It had many imitators (or, perhaps more kindly, admirers) such as Picture Post and Illustrated in Britain and Paris Match and backside in Europe. The end of the Second World War saw new titles emerged to satisfy the needs of increasingly affluent consumers who now had business and technical interests as wel l as expanding leisure pursuits. Interestingly, the emerging broadcast media particularly television were accommodated by the magazine industry that began to produce publications which included listings, reviews and background material.Later spin-offs would include comics ground on television characters, and magazines dedicated to specific topics or programmes such as BBC Wildlife and Gardeners World. A web search leave behind reveal the extent to which the big companies have other interests, particularly media interests other than publishing magazines. The Guardian Media Guide contains details of the sites run by all the main players in the publishing business. Ezine is an electronic newsletter or magazine. Ezine could reside on a website, intranet agreement or be sent throughout any network, including the largest network the Internet.The fall upon to success for the big companies is the advertising revenue generated by magazines, and the ability of specific interest magazine s to provide clearly-defined target audiences. Not that there is complete freedom to publish any material that will make money there are laws and regulations that affect magazines just are there are for other media forms. 2000 The Media Guide edited by Steve Peak and capital of Minnesota Fisher (Fourth Estate) 2001 The Media Guide edited by Steve Peak and Paul Fisher (Fourth Estate) EzineArticles. om Lance Winslow, Expert Author , 18 Jul 2006 A decade on the streets Simon Rogers and Xan Brooks, in Media Guardian September 10 2001 http//www. mediaed. org. uk/posted_documents/Magazines. html Radio Radio owes its knowledge to two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone, all three technologies are closely related. Radio technology began as wireless telegraphy. It started with the discovery of radio waves electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through the air.Many devices work by using electromagnetic waves in cluding radio, microwaves, cordless phones, remote controlled toys, television broadcasts, and more. Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. Radio-telegraphy is the sending by radio waves the same dot-dash meat (morse code) used in a telegraph. Transmitters at that time were called spark-gap machines. It was developed mainly for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication. Lee Deforest invented space telegraphy, the triode amplifier and the Audion.In the early 1900s, the great requirement for further development of radio was an efficient and delicate detector of electromagnetic radiation. The result of Lee DeForests work was the invention of amplitude-modulated or AM radio that allowed for a multitude of radio stations. Online radio streaming was born in the 90s as a solution for the music industry to reinvent itself or as a solution for activists. WXYC is the first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet. T he term internet radio isnt just about live streaming on the internet but can also be an archive site with audio files.Online radio can be a terrestrial radio station that broadcasts to a bigger market, or an independent internet-only operator that is just scratch. Web radio stations are a good solution for new markets, delivering independent music that listeners cant hear on regular radio. The advantage of internet radio services is that its services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world. Internet radio is distributed most often via streaming, in audio formats like mp3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio and others. http//www. radiobunch. com/online-radio-history. html, http//inventors. bout. com/od/rstartinventions/a/radio_2. htm , Mary Bellis Television In the late 1800s, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a bookman in Germany, developed the first ever mechanical module of television. He succeeded in sending images through wires with the help of a rotating metal disk. Thi s technology was called the electric car telescope that had 18 lines of resolution. In 1923, an American inventor called Charles Jenkins used the disk idea of Nipkow to invent the first ever practical mechanical television system. From 1926 till 1931, the mechanical television system saw many innovations.Although the discoveries of these men in the department of mechanical television were very innovative, by 1934, all television systems had reborn into the electronic system, which is what is being used even today. In 1927, Philo Taylor Farnsworth was able to invent a working model of electronic television that was based on Swintons ideas. His experiments had started when he was just a little boy of 14 years. By the time he became 21, Philo had created the first electronic television system, which did away with the rotating disks and other mechanical aspects of mechanical television.Thus was born the television system which is the basis of all modern TVs. In 1948 there were early t ests of cable television in the rural field of operation of Lansford, PA. In 1956 the Ampex quadruplex videotape replaced the kinescope making it possible for television programs to be produced anywhere, as well as greatly improving the visual quality on home sets. In 1957 the 1st practical remote control, invented by Robert Adler and called the Space Commander, was introduced by Zenith.. This Golden Age of television also saw the ecesis of several significant technological standards.These included the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standards for black and white (1941) and color television (1953). In 1952 the FCC made a key finish, via what is known as the Sixth Report and Order, to permit UHF broadcasting for the 1st time on 70 new channels (14 to 83). This was an essential decision because the Nation was already running out of channels on VHF (channels 2-13). That decision gave 95% of the U. S. television markets three VHF channels each, establishing a signifie r that generally continues today.Thus the Golden Age was a period of intense growth and expansion, introducing many of the television accessories and methods of distribution that we take for granted today. 1962 brought the 1st transatlantic answer of a television signal via the TELSTAR satellite. High definition television (HDTV) was also introduced during this period. In 1981 NHK, the Japanese National Broadcasting company, demonstrated their 1,125 line HDTV system to the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers at their Winter conference in San Francisco.In 1994 HDTV standards were established and a plan for the transition from analog to digital transmission of television programming has been rolled out throughout the decade. Not complete http//www. thehistoryoftelevision. com/ , Geno Jezek, 2006 http//www. fcc. gov/omd/history/tv/1990-today. html internet The Internet has become such an integral part of our lives, with such powerful capabilities, that it is easy to for get that this technological marvel was created by the long, hard, dedicated efforts of human beings folks who had a vision of what ecumenic networking could become and worked to make it happen.The conceptual foundation for creation of the Internet was largely created by three individuals and a research conference, each of which changed the way we thought about technology by accurately predicting its future Vannevar Bush wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the memex automated library system. Norbert dog-iron invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities. The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences. Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electro nic nervous system part of our popular culture. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US President Dwight Eisenhower to create the ARPA agency to regain the technological corpus in the arms race.ARPA appointed J. C. R. Licklider to head the new IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the SAGE program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to hire Lawrence Roberts to implement his vision. A special computer called an Interface Message mainframe computer was developed to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969.The first communications were between Leonard Kleinrocks research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbarts center at the Stanford Research Institute. The first networking protocol used on the ARPA NET was the Network Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol invented Wby Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world. In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET.The NSFNET was soon connected to the CSNET, which linked Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSFs enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995. And here we are. http//www. livinginternet. com/i/ii. htm